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+# Gemma 4 12B on the RK3588 NPU — optimized serving config
+
+Branch `mtp-b9549` (upstream b9570 + RKNPU2 backend + perf work). Host: boltzmann, RK3588,
+31 GiB RAM, 4× A76 (cpu4-7) + 4× A55 (cpu0-3).
+
+## Models
+
+Both required. Place in `~/models/`.
+
+| file | size | role |
+|------|-----:|------|
+| `gemma-4-12b-it-Q8_0.gguf` | 11.8 GiB | target. `arch=gemma4`, dense, `n_ctx_train=131072` |
+| `mtp-gemma-4-12b-it-Q8_0.gguf` | 444 MiB | MTP drafter. `arch=gemma4-assistant`, 4 layers, `nextn_predict_layers=4` |
+
+Both from `unsloth/gemma-4-12b-it-GGUF` (drafter under `MTP/`). The drafter is welded to the
+target: its graph reads the target's `tok_embd` and aliases K/V pointers, so it only loads
+in-process alongside the matching target.
+
+## systemd unit
+
+`~/.config/systemd/user/llama-server-gemma4-npu.service`, enabled with `loginctl enable-linger`.
+
+```ini
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+LimitNOFILE=65536
+CPUAffinity=4-7
+WorkingDirectory=/home/mfritsche/npu
+ExecStart=/home/mfritsche/src/rk-llama.cpp/build-mtp/bin/llama-server \
+     -m /home/mfritsche/models/gemma-4-12b-it-Q8_0.gguf \
+     -md /home/mfritsche/models/mtp-gemma-4-12b-it-Q8_0.gguf \
+     --spec-type draft-mtp --spec-draft-n-max 4 \
+     --alias gemma-4-12b-q8 \
+     -c 131072 -t 4 \
+     --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8085
+Restart=on-failure
+TimeoutStartSec=300
+```
+
+Build: `cmake -B build-mtp -DLLAMA_RKNPU2=ON -DGGML_NATIVE=ON -DGGML_OPENMP=ON`.
+
+Non-obvious, all load-bearing:
+- `LimitNOFILE=65536` — RKNPU exhausts the default 1024 fds during init and **segfaults**.
+- `CPUAffinity=4-7` — A76 only. `-t 8` across both clusters is *slower*; the A55s straggle at
+  the per-token barrier.
+- `--spec-draft-n-max 4` — `nextn_predict_layers=4`, so there is no head to predict a 5th token.
+- `-c 131072` — `n_ctx_train`. Raising it needs RoPE scaling.
+- The NPU is **single-tenant**. Stop this unit before running any other NPU process.
+
+## Measurements (this version, `02a883fea`)
+
+`llama-bench`, `taskset -c 4-7`, `-t 4 -r 2`, no speculation:
+
+| backend | pp512 | tg128 |
+|---------|------:|------:|
+| CPU only (`LLAMA_RKNPU2=OFF`) | 8.74 ± 0.00 | 1.92 ± 0.00 |
+| RKNPU (model only)            | 38.31 ± 0.04 | 2.35 ± 0.00 |
+
+NPU: **4.4× prefill**, **+22% decode**. Decode gains little because it is memory-bandwidth
+bound, not compute bound — which is what makes speculation the real decode lever.
+
+`llama-server`, `-c 8192`, `temp 0`, distinct prompts, decode t/s:
+
+| config | prose | file echo (`--reasoning-budget 0`) |
+|--------|------:|----------------------------------:|
+| RKNPU, no speculation | 2.118 | 2.055 |
+| RKNPU + MTP (`-n-max 4`) | **3.502** (+65%) | **5.207** (+153%) |
+
+MTP draft acceptance is workload-dependent: 0.50 prose, 0.77–0.83 reasoning traces, 0.90–0.94
+verbatim file echo. Live at `-c 131072`: ~4.0–4.7 t/s.
+
+Speculative decoding is lossless — greedy output was verified **byte-identical** to the
+non-speculative run.
+
+## Why this configuration
+
+**Dense Q8_0, not MoE.** `ggml-rknpu2` implements `GGML_OP_MUL_MAT` only. It has no
+`MUL_MAT_ID`, the op llama.cpp uses for MoE expert routing, so on any MoE every expert FFN
+falls back to CPU and the NPU's 4.4× prefill evaporates. Q8_0 is also the NPU's native W8A8
+pipeline. A Q8_0 30B MoE would need ~30.3 GiB of weights on a 31 GiB box regardless.
+
+**Gemma 4 12B.** Dense, Q8_0, native 131072 context, and its KV is cheap: 8 global layers at
+1 KV head (16 KiB/token) plus a fixed ~320 MiB for the 40 sliding-window layers. ~15 GiB
+resident at full context.
+
+**MTP over the alternatives.** Three drafting strategies were measured:
+
+| strategy | draft size | acceptance | result |
+|----------|-----------:|-----------:|-------:|
+| `gemma-4-E2B` draft model | 2.9 GiB | 0.49 | **−5.3%** |
+| `ngram-simple` prompt-lookup | none | 0.33–0.52 | +48% (copy-heavy) |
+| **MTP drafter** | 0.44 GiB | 0.50–0.94 | **+65% … +153%** |
+
+Acceptance is not the variable — E2B and MTP accept at the same rate and land 70 points apart.
+What decides it is the *cost of a wrong guess*: a 25×-smaller drafter makes rejected tokens
+nearly free. `ngram-simple` is the fallback for models without an MTP head.
+
+**Do not stack.** `--spec-type draft-mtp,ngram-cache` is *slower* than `draft-mtp` alone
+(5.073 vs 5.207); the two drafters compete for the same budget. Also: `ngram-cache` is not
+prompt-lookup — it reads a static cache file (`-lcs`) and drafts from an empty corpus without one.
+
+## Operational notes
+
+- gemma-4 is a **reasoning model**: it fills `reasoning_content` before `content`. A tight
+  `max_tokens` returns an empty `content` — that is not a failure. Benchmarks of copy behaviour
+  need `--reasoning-budget 0`.
+- Tool calls work without `--jinja` (the gguf carries a template with tool support).
+- Rollback: `perf-rknpu2` + `build/` + `llama-server-ornith-npu.service` are preserved.